CHOLERIC

A) good-natured
B) spoiled
C) irascible
D) immune
E) idiotic

As a means of _______ a tempestuous confrontation, the labor arbitrator advised the opposing parties to  _______ their positions.

A) promoting . . qualify
B) calming . . reinforce
C) neglecting . clarity
D) appraising . . soften
E) defusing . . moderate

Two impressive studies have reexamined Eric Williams’ conclusion that Britain’s abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and its emancipation of slavers in its colonies in 1834 were driven primarily by economic rather than humanitarian motives. Blighted by depleted soil, indebtedness, and the inefficiency of coerced labor, these colonies, according to Williams, had by 1807 become an impediment to British economic progress.

Seymour Drescher provides a more balanced view. Rejecting interpretations based either on economic interest or the moral vision of abolitionists, Drescher has reconstructed the populist characteristics of British abolitionism, which appears to have cut across lines of class, party, and religion. Noting that between 1780 and 1830 antislavery petitions outnumbered those on any other issue, including parliamentary reform, Drescher concludes that such support cannot be explained by economic interest alone, especially when much of it came from the unenfranchised masses. Yet, aside from demonstrating that such support must have resulted at least in part from widespread literacy and a tradition of political activism, Drescher does not finally explain how England, a nation deeply divided by class struggles, could mobilize popular support for antislavery measures proposed by otherwise conservative politicians in the House of Lords and approved there with little dissent.

David Eltis’ answer to that question actually supports some of Williams’ insights. Eschewing Drescher’ s idealization of British traditions of liberty, Eltis points to continuing use of low wages and Draconian vagrancy laws in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to ensure the industriousness of British workers. Indeed, certain notables even called for the enslavement of unemployed laborers who roamed the British countryside—an acceptance of coerced labor that Eltis attributes to a preindustrial desire to keep labor costs low and exports competitive. By the late eighteenth century, however, a growing home market began to alert capitalists to the importance of “want creation” and to incentives such as higher wages as a means of increasing both worker productivity and the number of consumers.

Significantly, it was products grown by slaves, such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco, that stimulated new wants at all levels of British society and were the forerunners of products intended in modern capitalist societies to satisfy what Eltis describes as “nonsubsistence or psychological needs.” Eltis concludes that in economy that had begun to rely on voluntary labor to satisfy such needs, forced labor necessarily began to appear both inappropriate and counterproductive to employers. Eltis thus concludes that, while Williams may well have underestimated the economic viability of the British colonies employing forced labor in the early 1800s, his insight into the economic motives for abolition was partly accurate. British leaders became committed to colonial labor reform only when they became convinced, for reasons other than those cited by Williams, that free labor was more beneficial to the imperial economy.

1) Which one of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A) Although they disagree about the degree to which economic motives influenced Britain’s abolition of slavery, Drescher and Eltis both concede that moral persuasion by abolitionists was a significant factor.
(B) Although both Drescher and Eltis have questioned Williams’ analysis of the motivation behind Britain’s abolition of slavery, there is support for part of Williams’ conclusion.
(C) Because he has taken into account the populist characteristics of British abolitionism, Drescher’s explanation of what motivated Britain’s abolition of slavery is finally more persuasive than that of Eltis.
(D) Neither Eltis nor Drescher has succeeded in explaining why support for Britain’s abolition of slavery appears to have cut across lines of party, class, and religion.
(E) Although flawed in certain respects, Williams’s conclusions regarding the economic condition of British slave colonies early in the nineteenth century have been largely vindicated.

2) It can be inferred that Eltis cites the views of “certain notables” (line 35) in order to
(A) support the claim that British traditions of liberty were not as strong as Drescher believed them to be
(B) support the contention that a strong labor force was important to Britain’s economy
(C) emphasize the importance of slavery as an institution in preindustrial Britain
(D) indicate that the laboring classes provided little support for the abolition of slavery
(E) establish that laborers in preindustrial Britain had few civil rights

3) Which one of the following best states Williams’ view of the primary reason for Britain’s abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of slaves in its colonies?
(A) British populism appealed to people of varied classes, parties, and religions.
(B) Both capitalists and workers in Britain accepted the moral precepts of abolitionists.
(C) Forced labor in the colonies could not produce enough goods to satisfy British consumers.
(D) The operation of colonies based on forced labor was no longer economically advantageous.
(E) British workers became convinced that forced labor in the colonies prevented paid workers from receiving higher wages.

4) According to Eltis, low wages and Draconian vagrancy laws in Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were intended to
(A) protect laborers against unscrupulous employment practices
(B) counter the move to enslave unemployed laborers
(C) ensure a cheap and productive work force
(D) ensure that the work force experienced no unemployment
(E) ensure that products produced in British colonies employing forced labor could compete effectively with those produced in Britain

5) It can be inferred that the author of the passage views Drescher’s presentation of British traditions concerning liberty as
(A) accurately stated
(B) somewhat unrealistic
(C) carefully researched
(D) unnecessarily tentative
(E) superficially convincing

6) The information in the passage suggests that Eltis and Drescher agree that
(A) people of all classes in Britain supported the abolition of slavery
(B) the motives behind Britain’s abolition of slavery were primarily economic
(C) the moral vision of abolitionists played a vital part in Britain’s abolition of slavery
(D) British traditions of liberty have been idealized by historians
(E) Britain’s tradition of political activism was primarily responsible for Britain’s abolition of slavery

7) According to the passage, Eltis argues against which one of the following contentions?
(A) Popular support for antislavery measures existed in Britain in the early nineteenth century.
(B) In the early nineteenth century, colonies that employed forced labor were still economically viable.
(C) British views concerning personal liberty motivated nineteenth-century British opposition to slavery.
(D) Widespread literacy in Britain contributed to public opposition to slavery in the early nineteenth century.
(E) Antislavery measures proposed by conservative politicians in the early nineteenth century met with little opposition.

Column A
Number of ways in which 5 differently coloured beads be strung on a necklace.

Column B
5!/2

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

VAUNTED :

A) berated
B) belittled
C) lauded
D) wicked
E) worried

Plumb Bob (Courtesy:meridiangallery.org)

Antonyms of Plumb

A) reversed

B) horizontal

C) light

D) lofty

E) thin

We first became aware that his support for the new program was less than _______ when he declined to to make a speech in its favor.

A) qualified
B) haphazard
C) fleeting
D) unwarranted
E) wholehearted

Many Native Americans view the archaeological excavation and museum display of ancestral skeletal remains and items buried with them as a spiritual desecration. A number of legal remedies that either prohibit or regulate such activities may be available to Native American communities, if they can establish standing in such cases. In disinterment cases, courts have traditionally affirmed the standing of three classes of plaintiffs: the deceased’s heirs, the owner of the property on which the grave is located, and parties, including organizations or distant relatives of the deceased, that have a clear interest in the preservation of a particular grave. If an archaeologically discovered grave is of recent historical origin and associated with an identifiable Native American community, Native Americans are likely to establish standing in a suit to prevent disinterment of the remains, but in cases where the grave is ancient and located in an area where the community of Native Americans associated with the grave has not recently lived, they are less likely to be successful in this regard. Indeed, in most cases involving ancient graves, to recognize that Native Americans have standing would represent a significant expansion of common law. In cases where standing can be achieved, however, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims against archaeologists and museums.

Property law, for example, can be useful in establishing Native American claims to artifacts that are retrieved in the excavation of ancient graves and can be considered the communal property of Native American tribes or communities. In Charrier v. Bell, a United States appellate court ruled that the common law doctrine of abandonment, which allows the finder of abandoned property to claim ownership, does not apply to objects buried with the deceased. The court ruled that the practice of burying items with the body of the deceased “is not intended as a means of relinquishing ownership to a stranger” and that to interpret it as such “could render a grave subject to despoliation either immediately after interment or…after removal of the descendants of the deceased from the neighborhood of the cemetery.” This ruling suggests that artifacts excavated from Native American ancestral graves should be returned to representatives of tribal groups who can establish standing in such cases.

More generally, United Sates courts have upheld the distinction between individual and communal property, holding that an individual Native American does not have title to communal property owned and held for common use by his or her tribe. As a result, museums cannot assume that they have valid title to cultural property merely because they purchased in good faith an item that was originally sold in good faith by an individual member of a Native American community.

1) The primary purpose of the passage is to provide an answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) How should the legal protection of Native American burial grounds be enhanced?
(B) What characteristics of Native American burial grounds enhance their chances for protection by the law?
(C) In what ways does the law protect the rights of Native Americans in regards to the contents of ancestral graves?
(D) Why are the courts concerned with protecting Native American burial grounds from desecration?
(E) By what means can Native Americans establish their rights to land on which their ancestors are buried?

2) It can be inferred that a court would be most likely to deny standing in a disinterment case to which one of the following Native American plaintiffs?
(A) one who seeks, as one of several beneficiaries of his father’s estate, to protect the father’s burial site
(B) one who seeks to prevent tenants on her land from taking artifacts from a grave located on the property
(C) one who represents a tribe whose members hope to prevent the disinterment of remains from a distant location from which the tribe recently moved
(D) one who seeks to have artifacts that have been removed from a grave determined to be that of her second cousin returned to the grave
(E) one who seeks the return of artifacts taken from the ancient burial grounds of disparate tribes and now displayed in a museum

3) According to the passage, which one of the following is true of cases involving ancient graves?
(A) Once a plaintiff’s standing has been established, such cases are usually more difficult to resolve than are cases involving more recent graves.
(B) The distinction between individual and communal property is usually an issue in such cases.
(C) Even when a plaintiff’s standing has been established, property law cannot be used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans in most such cases.
(D) In most such cases, common law does not currently provide a clear basis for establishing that Native Americans have standing.
(E) Common law is rarely used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans who have established standing in such cases.

4) The passage suggests that in making the ruling in Charrier v. Bell the court is most likely to have considered the answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) Are the descendants of the deceased still alive?
(B) What was the reason for burying the objects in question?
(C) How long after interment had buried objects been claimed by stranger?
(D) Did the descendants of the deceased remain in the neighborhood of the cemetery?
(E) Could the property on which buried objects were found be legally considered to be abandoned property?

5) The author uses the second paragraph to
(A) illustrate the contention that common law may support the claims of Native Americans to the contents of ancestral graves
(B) exemplify the difficulties that Native Americans are likely to encounter in claiming ancestral remains
(C) introduce a discussion of the distinction between individual and communal property
(D) confirm the contention that cases involving ancient graves present unresolved legal problems
(E) suggest that property law is applicable in most disinterment cases

6) Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Prior to an appellate court’s ruling in Charrier v. Bell, Native Americans had no legal grounds for demanding the return of artifacts excavated from ancient graves.
(B) Property law offers the most promising remedies to Native Americans seeking to recover communally owned artifacts that were sold to museums without tribal authorization.
(C) The older the grave, the more difficult it is for Native Americans to establish standing in cases concerning the disposition of archaeologically excavated ancestral remains.
(D) In cases in which Native Americans can establish standing, common law can be useful in protecting ancestral remains and the artifacts buried with them.
(E) Native Americans are unlikely to make significant progress in the recovery of cultural property until common law is significantly expanded to provide them with standing in cases involving the excavation of ancient graves.

PLAIN : AUSTERE ::

(A)  Neutral : Detached
(B)  Clean : Sterile
(C)  Lonely : Gloomy
(D)  Deserted : Barren
(E)  Eloquent : Talkative

The number of ways in which three letters be posted in four letter boxes in a village, if all the three letters are not posted in the same letter box.

A) 64
B) 60
C) 81
D) 78
E) None of these

PQRS is a rectangle.

Column A
Perimeter of shaded area

Column B
Perimeter of PQRS

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

In July the price of a stock increased by 10 percent. In August, it declined by 20 percent. If in September the price increased 10 percent, by what percentage of the original July price has the stock changed in price from the start of July to the end of September?

(A) 0 percent
(B) 3.2 percent
(C) 4.4 percent
(D) 20 percent
(E) 40 percent

QUOTA :

A) Anonymous remark
B) decisive action
C) debatable issue
D) unlimited number
E) irrelevant topic

So much of modern fiction in the United States is autobiographical,and so much of the autobiography fictionalized, that the__________ sometimes seem largely ______.

A) authors . . ignored
B) needs . . unrecognized
C) genres . . interchangeable
D) intentions . . misunderstood
E) misapprehensions . . uncorrected

In April 1990 representatives of the Pico Korea Union of electronics workers in Buchon city, south Korea, traveled to the United States in order to demand just settlement of their claims from the parent company of their employers, who upon the formation of the union had shut down operations without paying the workers. From the beginning, the union cause was championed by an unprecedented coalition of Korean American groups and deeply affected the Korean American community on several levels.

First, it served as a rallying focus for a diverse community often divided by generation, class and political ideologies. Most notably, the Pico cause mobilized many young second-generation Korean Americans, many of whom had never been part of a political campaign before, let alone one involving Korean issues. Members of this generation, unlike first-generation Korean Americans, generally fall within the more privileged sectors of the Korean American community and often feel alienated from their Korean roots. In addition to raising the political consciousness of young Korean Americans, the Pico struggle sparked among them new interest in their cultural identity. The Pico workers also suggested new roles that can be played by recent immigrants, particularly working-class immigrants. These immigrants’ knowledge of working conditions overseas can help to globalize the perspective of their communities and can help to establish international ties on a more personal level, as witnessed in the especially warm exchange between the Pico workers and recent working-class immigrants from China. In addition to broadening the political base within the Korean American community, the Pico struggle also led to new alliances between the Korean American community and progressive labor and social justice groups within the larger society—as evidenced in the support received from the Coalition of Labor Union Women and leading African American unionists.
The reasons for these effects lie in the nature of the cause. The issues raised by the Pico unionists had such a strong human component that differences within the community became secondary to larger concerns for social justice and workers’ rights. The workers’ demands for compensation and respect were unencumbered with strong ideological trappings. The economic exploitation faced by the Pico workers underscored the common interests of Korean workers, Korean Americans, the working class more inclusively, and a broad spectrum of community leaders.

The Pico workers’ campaign thus offers an important lesson. It demonstrates that ethnic communities need more than just a knowledge of history and culture as artifacts of the past in order to strengthen their ethnic identity. It shows that perhaps the most effective means of empowerment for many ethnic communities of immigrant derivation may be an identification with and participation in current struggles for economic and social justice in their countries of origin.

1) Which one of the following best describes the main topic of the passage?
(A) the contribution of the Korean American community to improving the working conditions of Koreans employed by United States companies
(B) the change brought about in the Korean American community by contacts with Koreans visiting the United States
(C) the contribution of recent immigrants from Korea to strengthening ethnic identity in the Korean American community
(D) the effects on the Korean American community of a dispute between Korean union workers and a United States company
(E) the effect of the politicization of second-generation Korean Americans on the Korean American community as a whole

2) The passage suggests that which one of the following was a significant factor in the decision to shut down the Pico plant in Buchon City?
(A) the decreasing profitability of maintaining operations in Korea
(B) the failure to resolve long-standing disputes between the Pico workers and management
(C) the creation of a union by the Pico workers
(D) the withholding of workers’ wages by the parent company
(E) the finding of an alternate site for operations

3) Which one of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a recent development in the Korean American community?
(A) Young second-generation Korean Americans have begun to take an interest in their Korean heritage.
(B) Recent Korean American immigrants of working-class backgrounds have begun to enter the more privileged sectors of the Korean American community.
(C) Korean Americans have developed closer ties with activist groups from other sectors of the population.
(D) Previously nonpolitical members of the Korean American community have become more politically active.
(E) The Korean American community has been able to set aside political and generational disparities in order to support a common cause.

4) It can be inferred that the author of the passage would most likely agree with which one of the following statements about ethnic communities of immigrant derivation?
(A) Such communities can derive important benefits from maintaining ties with their countries of origin.
(B) Such communities should focus primarily on promoting study of the history and culture of their people in order to strengthen their ethnic identity.
(C) Such communities can most successfully mobilize and politicize their young people by addressing the problems of young people of all backgrounds.
(D) The more privileged sectors of such communities are most likely to maintain a sense of closeness to their cultural roots.
(E) The politicization of such a community is unlikely to affect relations with other groups within the larger society.

5) In the second paragraph, the author refers to immigrants from China most probably in order to do which one of the following?
(A) highlight the contrast between working conditions in the United States and in Korea
(B) demonstrate the uniqueness of the problem faced by the Pico workers
(C) offer an example of the type of role that can be played by recent working-class immigrants
(D) provide an analogy for the type of activism displayed by the Korean American community
(E) compare the disparate responses of two immigrant communities to similar problems

6) The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe recent developments in the Korean American community that have strongly affected other ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(B) describe a situation in the Korean American community that presents a model for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(C) detail the problems faced by the Korean American community in order to illustrate the need for the empowerment of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(D) argue against economic and social injustice in the countries of origin of ethnic communities of immigrant derivation
(E) assess the impact of the unionization movement on ethnic communities of immigrant derivation

7) Which one of the following most accurately states the function of the third paragraph?
(A) It explains why the Pico workers brought their cause to the United States.
(B) It explains how the Pico cause differed from other causes that had previously mobilized the Korean American community.
(C) It explains why the Pico workers were accorded such broad support.
(D) It explains how other ethnic groups of immigrant derivation in the United States have profited from the example of the Pico workers.
(E) It explains why different generations of Korean Americans reacted in different ways to the Pico cause.

A= pi(d^4)/p

If the formula above gives the area A of a circular region in terms of its diameter d. Then p=

A) 1/2
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4
E) 8

CONTENTIOUS :

A) satisfied
B) pacific
C) hungry
D) bellicose
E) dissatisfied

According to some experts, modern science as it emerged in the seventeenth century was essentially a _______ calling: the culture of science was more a _______ than a departure from ecclesiastical traditions.

A) scholarly . . recapitulation of
B) skeptical . . return to
C) religious . . continuation of
D) solemn . . recantation of
E) technical . . modification of

AB is a diagonal of the circle, All triangles above the diaggonal are equal in area. All traingle below the diagonal are equal in area.

Column A
Total area of the triangular below AB

Column B
Total area of the triangular below AB

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

What is an diagonal ?

Column A
Area of equilateral triangle of side “a”

Column B
(sqrt3) (area of a square of side a)

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

Although the genetic explanation of why some  people are right-handed whereas others are le ft  handed is plausible, it has been effectively__________  by experiments in which genetically _______ mice  showed different paw preferences.

A) verified . . related
B) challenged . . indistinguishable
C) tested . . altered
D) proven . . identical
E) destroyed . . complex