Ten persons there are in a party. Each person shakes hand with all the persons.

Column A
The number of handshakes made

Column B
55

Column A
Number of diagonals in an octagon

Column B
number of sides in an octagon

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

The variable x is normally distributed . The values of x at the 45th, the 15th, and the kth percentiles of the distribution are 550, 350 and 450 resopectively.

Column A
K

Column B
30

IRASCIBLE : PROVOKED  ::

(A) Credulous : Convinced
(B) Reliable : Disproved
(C) Immoral : Suppressed
(D) Impersonal : Described
(E) Taunting : Amused

The fruit basket contains 4 oranges, 5 apples and 6 mangoes. The number of ways a person make selection of fruits from among in the fruits in the basket is

A) 208
B) 209
C) 210
D) 211
E) None of these

Overall, the evidence was inconclusive as to whether the adjustment to the inflated estimates would __________ their accuracy or instead________ the actual amount.

A) compromise . . magnify
B) confirm . . validate
C) disprove . . pinpoint
D) verify . . distort
E) improve . . understate

PREDILECTION

A) ambiguity
B) unwillingness to choose
C) desire to please
D) propensity to dislike
E) stereotype

Many Native Americans view the archaeological excavation and museum display of ancestral skeletal remains and items buried with them as a spiritual desecration. A number of legal remedies that either prohibit or regulate such activities may be available to Native American communities, if they can establish standing in such cases. In disinterment cases, courts have traditionally affirmed the standing of three classes of plaintiffs: the deceased’s heirs, the owner of the property on which the grave is located, and parties, including organizations or distant relatives of the deceased, that have a clear interest in the preservation of a particular grave. If an archaeologically discovered grave is of recent historical origin and associated with an identifiable Native American community, Native Americans are likely to establish standing in a suit to prevent disinterment of the remains, but in cases where the grave is ancient and located in an area where the community of Native Americans associated with the grave has not recently lived, they are less likely to be successful in this regard. Indeed, in most cases involving ancient graves, to recognize that Native Americans have standing would represent a significant expansion of common law. In cases where standing can be achieved, however, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims against archaeologists and museums.

Property law, for example, can be useful in establishing Native American claims to artifacts that are retrieved in the excavation of ancient graves and can be considered the communal property of Native American tribes or communities. In Charrier v. Bell, a United States appellate court ruled that the common law doctrine of abandonment, which allows the finder of abandoned property to claim ownership, does not apply to objects buried with the deceased. The court ruled that the practice of burying items with the body of the deceased “is not intended as a means of relinquishing ownership to a stranger” and that to interpret it as such “could render a grave subject to despoliation either immediately after interment or…after removal of the descendants of the deceased from the neighborhood of the cemetery.” This ruling suggests that artifacts excavated from Native American ancestral graves should be returned to representatives of tribal groups who can establish standing in such cases.

More generally, United Sates courts have upheld the distinction between individual and communal property, holding that an individual Native American does not have title to communal property owned and held for common use by his or her tribe. As a result, museums cannot assume that they have valid title to cultural property merely because they purchased in good faith an item that was originally sold in good faith by an individual member of a Native American community.

1) The primary purpose of the passage is to provide an answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) How should the legal protection of Native American burial grounds be enhanced?
(B) What characteristics of Native American burial grounds enhance their chances for protection by the law?
(C) In what ways does the law protect the rights of Native Americans in regards to the contents of ancestral graves?
(D) Why are the courts concerned with protecting Native American burial grounds from desecration?
(E) By what means can Native Americans establish their rights to land on which their ancestors are buried?

2) It can be inferred that a court would be most likely to deny standing in a disinterment case to which one of the following Native American plaintiffs?
(A) one who seeks, as one of several beneficiaries of his father’s estate, to protect the father’s burial site
(B) one who seeks to prevent tenants on her land from taking artifacts from a grave located on the property
(C) one who represents a tribe whose members hope to prevent the disinterment of remains from a distant location from which the tribe recently moved
(D) one who seeks to have artifacts that have been removed from a grave determined to be that of her second cousin returned to the grave
(E) one who seeks the return of artifacts taken from the ancient burial grounds of disparate tribes and now displayed in a museum

3) According to the passage, which one of the following is true of cases involving ancient graves?
(A) Once a plaintiff’s standing has been established, such cases are usually more difficult to resolve than are cases involving more recent graves.
(B) The distinction between individual and communal property is usually an issue in such cases.
(C) Even when a plaintiff’s standing has been established, property law cannot be used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans in most such cases.
(D) In most such cases, common law does not currently provide a clear basis for establishing that Native Americans have standing.
(E) Common law is rarely used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans who have established standing in such cases.

4) The passage suggests that in making the ruling in Charrier v. Bell the court is most likely to have considered the answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) Are the descendants of the deceased still alive?
(B) What was the reason for burying the objects in question?
(C) How long after interment had buried objects been claimed by stranger?
(D) Did the descendants of the deceased remain in the neighborhood of the cemetery?
(E) Could the property on which buried objects were found be legally considered to be abandoned property?

5) The author uses the second paragraph to
(A) illustrate the contention that common law may support the claims of Native Americans to the contents of ancestral graves
(B) exemplify the difficulties that Native Americans are likely to encounter in claiming ancestral remains
(C) introduce a discussion of the distinction between individual and communal property
(D) confirm the contention that cases involving ancient graves present unresolved legal problems
(E) suggest that property law is applicable in most disinterment cases

6) Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Prior to an appellate court’s ruling in Charrier v. Bell, Native Americans had no legal grounds for demanding the return of artifacts excavated from ancient graves.
(B) Property law offers the most promising remedies to Native Americans seeking to recover communally owned artifacts that were sold to museums without tribal authorization.
(C) The older the grave, the more difficult it is for Native Americans to establish standing in cases concerning the disposition of archaeologically excavated ancestral remains.
(D) In cases in which Native Americans can establish standing, common law can be useful in protecting ancestral remains and the artifacts buried with them.
(E) Native Americans are unlikely to make significant progress in the recovery of cultural property until common law is significantly expanded to provide them with standing in cases involving the excavation of ancient graves.

EXPEL : SCHOOL ::

(A) Export : Factory
(B) Exile : Nation
(C) Escape : penitentiary
(D) Vacate : Building
(E) Dodge : Taxes

EXACERBATE

A) contemplate
B) bewilder
C) reward
D) better
E) horify

Perhaps there is a shortcoming in the script, but the film’s poor reviews may also be a function of one or two _______ casting decisions in an otherwise _______ production.

A) fitting . . magnificent
B) faulty . . solid
C) deliberate . . cautious
D) hasty . . mediocre
E) confusing . . perplexing

CHOLERIC

A) good-natured
B) spoiled
C) irascible
D) immune
E) idiotic

As a means of _______ a tempestuous confrontation, the labor arbitrator advised the opposing parties to  _______ their positions.

A) promoting . . qualify
B) calming . . reinforce
C) neglecting . clarity
D) appraising . . soften
E) defusing . . moderate

Two impressive studies have reexamined Eric Williams’ conclusion that Britain’s abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and its emancipation of slavers in its colonies in 1834 were driven primarily by economic rather than humanitarian motives. Blighted by depleted soil, indebtedness, and the inefficiency of coerced labor, these colonies, according to Williams, had by 1807 become an impediment to British economic progress.

Seymour Drescher provides a more balanced view. Rejecting interpretations based either on economic interest or the moral vision of abolitionists, Drescher has reconstructed the populist characteristics of British abolitionism, which appears to have cut across lines of class, party, and religion. Noting that between 1780 and 1830 antislavery petitions outnumbered those on any other issue, including parliamentary reform, Drescher concludes that such support cannot be explained by economic interest alone, especially when much of it came from the unenfranchised masses. Yet, aside from demonstrating that such support must have resulted at least in part from widespread literacy and a tradition of political activism, Drescher does not finally explain how England, a nation deeply divided by class struggles, could mobilize popular support for antislavery measures proposed by otherwise conservative politicians in the House of Lords and approved there with little dissent.

David Eltis’ answer to that question actually supports some of Williams’ insights. Eschewing Drescher’ s idealization of British traditions of liberty, Eltis points to continuing use of low wages and Draconian vagrancy laws in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to ensure the industriousness of British workers. Indeed, certain notables even called for the enslavement of unemployed laborers who roamed the British countryside—an acceptance of coerced labor that Eltis attributes to a preindustrial desire to keep labor costs low and exports competitive. By the late eighteenth century, however, a growing home market began to alert capitalists to the importance of “want creation” and to incentives such as higher wages as a means of increasing both worker productivity and the number of consumers.

Significantly, it was products grown by slaves, such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco, that stimulated new wants at all levels of British society and were the forerunners of products intended in modern capitalist societies to satisfy what Eltis describes as “nonsubsistence or psychological needs.” Eltis concludes that in economy that had begun to rely on voluntary labor to satisfy such needs, forced labor necessarily began to appear both inappropriate and counterproductive to employers. Eltis thus concludes that, while Williams may well have underestimated the economic viability of the British colonies employing forced labor in the early 1800s, his insight into the economic motives for abolition was partly accurate. British leaders became committed to colonial labor reform only when they became convinced, for reasons other than those cited by Williams, that free labor was more beneficial to the imperial economy.

1) Which one of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
(A) Although they disagree about the degree to which economic motives influenced Britain’s abolition of slavery, Drescher and Eltis both concede that moral persuasion by abolitionists was a significant factor.
(B) Although both Drescher and Eltis have questioned Williams’ analysis of the motivation behind Britain’s abolition of slavery, there is support for part of Williams’ conclusion.
(C) Because he has taken into account the populist characteristics of British abolitionism, Drescher’s explanation of what motivated Britain’s abolition of slavery is finally more persuasive than that of Eltis.
(D) Neither Eltis nor Drescher has succeeded in explaining why support for Britain’s abolition of slavery appears to have cut across lines of party, class, and religion.
(E) Although flawed in certain respects, Williams’s conclusions regarding the economic condition of British slave colonies early in the nineteenth century have been largely vindicated.

2) It can be inferred that Eltis cites the views of “certain notables” (line 35) in order to
(A) support the claim that British traditions of liberty were not as strong as Drescher believed them to be
(B) support the contention that a strong labor force was important to Britain’s economy
(C) emphasize the importance of slavery as an institution in preindustrial Britain
(D) indicate that the laboring classes provided little support for the abolition of slavery
(E) establish that laborers in preindustrial Britain had few civil rights

3) Which one of the following best states Williams’ view of the primary reason for Britain’s abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of slaves in its colonies?
(A) British populism appealed to people of varied classes, parties, and religions.
(B) Both capitalists and workers in Britain accepted the moral precepts of abolitionists.
(C) Forced labor in the colonies could not produce enough goods to satisfy British consumers.
(D) The operation of colonies based on forced labor was no longer economically advantageous.
(E) British workers became convinced that forced labor in the colonies prevented paid workers from receiving higher wages.

4) According to Eltis, low wages and Draconian vagrancy laws in Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were intended to
(A) protect laborers against unscrupulous employment practices
(B) counter the move to enslave unemployed laborers
(C) ensure a cheap and productive work force
(D) ensure that the work force experienced no unemployment
(E) ensure that products produced in British colonies employing forced labor could compete effectively with those produced in Britain

5) It can be inferred that the author of the passage views Drescher’s presentation of British traditions concerning liberty as
(A) accurately stated
(B) somewhat unrealistic
(C) carefully researched
(D) unnecessarily tentative
(E) superficially convincing

6) The information in the passage suggests that Eltis and Drescher agree that
(A) people of all classes in Britain supported the abolition of slavery
(B) the motives behind Britain’s abolition of slavery were primarily economic
(C) the moral vision of abolitionists played a vital part in Britain’s abolition of slavery
(D) British traditions of liberty have been idealized by historians
(E) Britain’s tradition of political activism was primarily responsible for Britain’s abolition of slavery

7) According to the passage, Eltis argues against which one of the following contentions?
(A) Popular support for antislavery measures existed in Britain in the early nineteenth century.
(B) In the early nineteenth century, colonies that employed forced labor were still economically viable.
(C) British views concerning personal liberty motivated nineteenth-century British opposition to slavery.
(D) Widespread literacy in Britain contributed to public opposition to slavery in the early nineteenth century.
(E) Antislavery measures proposed by conservative politicians in the early nineteenth century met with little opposition.

Column A
Number of ways in which 5 differently coloured beads be strung on a necklace.

Column B
5!/2

A) if the quantity in column A is greater.
B) if the quantity in column B is greater.
C) if the quantities are equal.
D) if the relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

VAUNTED :

A) berated
B) belittled
C) lauded
D) wicked
E) worried

Plumb Bob (Courtesy:meridiangallery.org)

Antonyms of Plumb

A) reversed

B) horizontal

C) light

D) lofty

E) thin

We first became aware that his support for the new program was less than _______ when he declined to to make a speech in its favor.

A) qualified
B) haphazard
C) fleeting
D) unwarranted
E) wholehearted

Many Native Americans view the archaeological excavation and museum display of ancestral skeletal remains and items buried with them as a spiritual desecration. A number of legal remedies that either prohibit or regulate such activities may be available to Native American communities, if they can establish standing in such cases. In disinterment cases, courts have traditionally affirmed the standing of three classes of plaintiffs: the deceased’s heirs, the owner of the property on which the grave is located, and parties, including organizations or distant relatives of the deceased, that have a clear interest in the preservation of a particular grave. If an archaeologically discovered grave is of recent historical origin and associated with an identifiable Native American community, Native Americans are likely to establish standing in a suit to prevent disinterment of the remains, but in cases where the grave is ancient and located in an area where the community of Native Americans associated with the grave has not recently lived, they are less likely to be successful in this regard. Indeed, in most cases involving ancient graves, to recognize that Native Americans have standing would represent a significant expansion of common law. In cases where standing can be achieved, however, common law may provide a basis for some Native American claims against archaeologists and museums.

Property law, for example, can be useful in establishing Native American claims to artifacts that are retrieved in the excavation of ancient graves and can be considered the communal property of Native American tribes or communities. In Charrier v. Bell, a United States appellate court ruled that the common law doctrine of abandonment, which allows the finder of abandoned property to claim ownership, does not apply to objects buried with the deceased. The court ruled that the practice of burying items with the body of the deceased “is not intended as a means of relinquishing ownership to a stranger” and that to interpret it as such “could render a grave subject to despoliation either immediately after interment or…after removal of the descendants of the deceased from the neighborhood of the cemetery.” This ruling suggests that artifacts excavated from Native American ancestral graves should be returned to representatives of tribal groups who can establish standing in such cases.

More generally, United Sates courts have upheld the distinction between individual and communal property, holding that an individual Native American does not have title to communal property owned and held for common use by his or her tribe. As a result, museums cannot assume that they have valid title to cultural property merely because they purchased in good faith an item that was originally sold in good faith by an individual member of a Native American community.

1) The primary purpose of the passage is to provide an answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) How should the legal protection of Native American burial grounds be enhanced?
(B) What characteristics of Native American burial grounds enhance their chances for protection by the law?
(C) In what ways does the law protect the rights of Native Americans in regards to the contents of ancestral graves?
(D) Why are the courts concerned with protecting Native American burial grounds from desecration?
(E) By what means can Native Americans establish their rights to land on which their ancestors are buried?

2) It can be inferred that a court would be most likely to deny standing in a disinterment case to which one of the following Native American plaintiffs?
(A) one who seeks, as one of several beneficiaries of his father’s estate, to protect the father’s burial site
(B) one who seeks to prevent tenants on her land from taking artifacts from a grave located on the property
(C) one who represents a tribe whose members hope to prevent the disinterment of remains from a distant location from which the tribe recently moved
(D) one who seeks to have artifacts that have been removed from a grave determined to be that of her second cousin returned to the grave
(E) one who seeks the return of artifacts taken from the ancient burial grounds of disparate tribes and now displayed in a museum

3) According to the passage, which one of the following is true of cases involving ancient graves?
(A) Once a plaintiff’s standing has been established, such cases are usually more difficult to resolve than are cases involving more recent graves.
(B) The distinction between individual and communal property is usually an issue in such cases.
(C) Even when a plaintiff’s standing has been established, property law cannot be used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans in most such cases.
(D) In most such cases, common law does not currently provide a clear basis for establishing that Native Americans have standing.
(E) Common law is rarely used as a basis for the claims of Native Americans who have established standing in such cases.

4) The passage suggests that in making the ruling in Charrier v. Bell the court is most likely to have considered the answer to which one of the following questions?
(A) Are the descendants of the deceased still alive?
(B) What was the reason for burying the objects in question?
(C) How long after interment had buried objects been claimed by stranger?
(D) Did the descendants of the deceased remain in the neighborhood of the cemetery?
(E) Could the property on which buried objects were found be legally considered to be abandoned property?

5) The author uses the second paragraph to
(A) illustrate the contention that common law may support the claims of Native Americans to the contents of ancestral graves
(B) exemplify the difficulties that Native Americans are likely to encounter in claiming ancestral remains
(C) introduce a discussion of the distinction between individual and communal property
(D) confirm the contention that cases involving ancient graves present unresolved legal problems
(E) suggest that property law is applicable in most disinterment cases

6) Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Prior to an appellate court’s ruling in Charrier v. Bell, Native Americans had no legal grounds for demanding the return of artifacts excavated from ancient graves.
(B) Property law offers the most promising remedies to Native Americans seeking to recover communally owned artifacts that were sold to museums without tribal authorization.
(C) The older the grave, the more difficult it is for Native Americans to establish standing in cases concerning the disposition of archaeologically excavated ancestral remains.
(D) In cases in which Native Americans can establish standing, common law can be useful in protecting ancestral remains and the artifacts buried with them.
(E) Native Americans are unlikely to make significant progress in the recovery of cultural property until common law is significantly expanded to provide them with standing in cases involving the excavation of ancient graves.

PLAIN : AUSTERE ::

(A)  Neutral : Detached
(B)  Clean : Sterile
(C)  Lonely : Gloomy
(D)  Deserted : Barren
(E)  Eloquent : Talkative

The number of ways in which three letters be posted in four letter boxes in a village, if all the three letters are not posted in the same letter box.

A) 64
B) 60
C) 81
D) 78
E) None of these